Surrogates

Contents

14. Surrogates
14.1. Purpose of Surrogates.
14.2. Guidelines and Standards for Surrogates.
14.3. Selected Readings on Abstracts and Abstracting.
14.4. Surrogates for Machine Searching.
14.5. Our Examples.
14.5.1. A Book Index.
14.5.2. An Indexing and Abstracting Service.
14.5.3. A Full-Text Encyclopedia/Digital Library.
• 1definitions of surrogates

• 2

• 3 content of surrogates

• 4 display versus content of surrogates

• 5 size, content, format of surrogates

• 6 types of abstracts

• 7 alternatives to abstracts

14.1. Purpose of Surrogates.

• 8 views of Greene (Stephan et al.) on purpose of surrogates

14.2. Guidelines and Standards for Surrogates.

• 9

• 10 standards for surrogates

• 11 standards for identification of authors

• 12

• 13

14.3. Selected Readings on Abstracts and Abstracting.

• 14

• 15

14.4. Surrogates for Machine Searching.

• 16 role of surrogates in data mining; in knowledge discovery

• 17 role of Dublin core metadata in surrogates

14.5. Our examples.

14.5.1. A Book Index.

• 18

• 19

• 20

14.5.2. An Indexing and Abstracting Service.

• 21

• 22 contents of surrogates in indexing and abstracting services

(a) a full citation, based on the NISO standard for bibliographic citations (National Information Standards Organization 2004?).

(b) a structured informative abstract (when possible); otherwise a structured descriptive or indicative abstract, composed according to the NISO standard for abstracts (National Information Standards Organization 1997b).

Informative abstracts include the purpose, methodology, results, and especially the conclusions of investigations, rather than just describing the investigation. Some documents have no results or conclusions. Examples may include review articles, general discussions, letters, narratives, biographies and bibliographies. For these types of documents, descriptive or indicative abstracts should be included.

The structured format provides for headings for various aspects of the message, such as “Background,” “Aims,” “Method,” “Results,” “Conclusions,” and “Comments.” Abstracts for messages without results can have similar headings. A literature review, for example, could have headings for “Sources” and “Selection criteria.”

(c) A list of index descriptors assigned by human indexers. This applies only to “important” documents, because only important documents receive human indexing.

• 23 role of keywords in surrogates in indexing and abstracting services

14.5.3. A Full-Text Encyclopedia/Digital Library.